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Fermentation and cellular respiration are essential biological processes that are foundational for energy production in living organisms. For AP Biology students, understanding these processes will help you grasp how cells convert nutrients into usable energy, as well as the practical applications of these processes in real-world contexts. This post will explain the key differences between fermentation and cellular respiration, delve into the various types of fermentation, an

Homeostasis Steady or internal balance Cell maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly  The internal condition’s typical state is the set point Fluctuations in that condition above or below the set point point serve as the stimulus A receptor or sensor detects the stimulus and triggers a response and activity that returns the condition to the set point. Negative Feedback The response reduces the stimulus It is

Calvin Cycle(Kreb Cycle) Occurs in the stroma CO2 enters from the air and is put inside the sugar Spends ATP as an energy source and consumes NADPH as reducing power (gaining electrons) to make sugar 1.Phase 1 Carbon Fixation (catalysed by RuBisCO) 2.Phase 2 Reduction 3.Phase 3 Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) RuBisCO is an important enzyme and is the world's most abundant protein In order to net on G3P the cycle must go through 3 rotations and fix three CO2 Prov